Hybrid systems integrating solar and diesel energy

Hybrid energy systems are those that employ multiple energy sources. This name has also been adopted for systems that have battery banks associated with other sources such as solar photovoltaic and wind.

In this article, we will discuss a type of hybrid system that uses two sources: diesel generation (or combustion generation, in general) and solar photovoltaic generation. The solar-diesel combination is advantageous as it provides a reliable isolated power supply without the intensive use of fossil fuels.

Photovoltaic and diesel: cost reduction and greater autonomy.

In locations already served by diesel generators, the addition of photovoltaic systems with parallel operation has the effect of reducing fuel costs, in addition to adding reliability and reinforcing the autonomy of power supply to consumer loads.

The following figure illustrates a conventional photovoltaic system, in which the inverter is connected to any point in the installation, and can be connected without distinction close to the entrance cabin or to some internal distribution board of the consumer.

Figure 2 illustrates the situation that typically occurs for consumers who have diesel generation as backup or for peak-hour use and wish to add photovoltaic generation. In these cases, the photovoltaic system is added before the automatic transfer switch (ATS).

The function of this panel is to perform the interlocking between the public electricity grid and the diesel generator, in addition to automatically changing the switch position, transferring the diesel source to the consumer loads when the electricity grid is absent.

In this type of configuration, the photovoltaic system only operates while the electrical grid is present. In case of failure, when diesel generation comes into operation, the photovoltaic system is switched off.

Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the operation of the QTA (Automatic Transfer Switch). In Figure 1, the mains power is present and the switch is in the position corresponding to mains power use. Figure 3 illustrates the situation where the mains power fails and the power supply to the loads is transferred to the diesel generator. In this latter case, the mains power and the photovoltaic system are completely disconnected from the installation.

Figures 4 and 5 illustrate another possibility for connecting photovoltaic systems to consumers equipped with diesel generation. Note that in this case the inverter is connected after the QTA.

If the public supply fails, the inverter will stop operating in parallel with the grid and will start operating in parallel with the diesel generator – this last situation is illustrated in Figure 5.

Advantages and challenges of parallel operation with a diesel generator.

Connecting the photovoltaic system after the automatic transfer switch (ATS) can have two main advantages. The first, very simple one, is that it allows the photovoltaic system to be connected at any point in the installation, without the need for a connection before the ATS. This can allow, for example, a photovoltaic system to be connected to an internal distribution panel of the consumer, while the diesel generator is located further away, near the incoming substation.

In some situations, it may be costly to connect the PV system to the input cabin and it is preferable to connect the inverters as close as possible to the consumer loads and also to the solar panels. The second advantage of the connection strategy illustrated in Figures 4 and 5 (PV system after the QTA) is that it allows the PV system to continue operating even when the consumer is supplied by the diesel generator.

In this case, the diesel source simply replaces the electrical grid, being responsible for supplying alternating voltage. The photovoltaic inverter connects to the diesel generator's power supply in the same way as it would be connected to the external electrical grid. The obvious advantage of this connection method is that it allows the use of photovoltaic energy, saving fuel. In addition to the savings, this allows the system's autonomy to be increased.

The combination seems perfect, but there are some complications with this type of connection. Firstly, if we want the photovoltaic system to operate in parallel with the diesel generator, it will be necessary to change the inverter settings.

The quality of power supply from the external network and the quality of power supply from the diesel generator are different. The diesel generator can offer wider voltage and frequency variation ranges than those found in the public electricity grid. The inverter must then be correctly parameterized to operate in parallel with the generator, avoiding shutdown due to over/under-frequency or over/under-voltage.

The second problem encountered in the parallelism between the photovoltaic system and the diesel generator is the return of excess energy, a situation illustrated in Figure 6. Unlike the external electrical grid, the diesel generator is not capable of absorbing the excess energy from the photovoltaic system. This means that the power of solar generation can never be greater than the power of the load.

The combination of photovoltaic and diesel generation in parallel is not complicated, but it requires technological solutions to overcome the challenges mentioned above. In short, it is necessary to parameterize the inverter according to the source to which it connects (external grid or diesel) and prevent excess photovoltaic energy from occurring.

Minimum operation of the diesel generator and control of photovoltaic generation.

There is yet another concern when connecting a photovoltaic system in parallel with a diesel generator. It is necessary to respect the operational characteristics of the generator, always keeping it at a constant rotation and operating at a minimum power value. This is necessary to ensure good efficiency of the generator, in addition to extending its useful life.

Typically, the minimum load of diesel generators is equivalent to 30% of their nominal power. Diesel generators with low load become inefficient and are subject to various phenomena that can damage them or considerably reduce their useful life. Combustion engines are designed to always work as close as possible to their nominal load and operation at low load should be avoided.

So, even if solar generation is available and the entire load can be fed by the photovoltaic system, diesel generation cannot be reduced below a minimum value. This requires synchronization between the photovoltaic system and the diesel generator to eventually reduce solar generation when diesel generation reaches its lower threshold.

In short, for the reasons explained above, it will always be necessary to use at least 30% of the diesel generator's maximum power even if solar energy is available. Below we will analyze three strategies that can be used in hybrid systems that combine a diesel generator and a photovoltaic system.

In either case, the inverter must be equipped with a communication interface that has digital ports for signaling and/or RS 485 communication interfaces or equivalent, depending on the complexity of the control to be performed. Figure 8 illustrates the communication module of inverters from the manufacturer SolarEdge.

Photovoltaic system disconnection mode

This is a simple function that can only be used to disconnect the photovoltaic system when diesel generation is active. In this case, the photovoltaic system is turned off and does not operate in parallel with the diesel generator.

This is not what we can exactly call a hybrid system, but this operating strategy could be useful for consumers who use diesel only for backup or at short intervals of the day – for example, during peak hours – and at the same time wish to have the photovoltaic system installed after the QTA.

In other words, diesel and solar sources share the same AC bus, but they never operate simultaneously. The generator is activated few times and for short periods of time and the loads can be met entirely by diesel generation, making it possible to dispense with photovoltaic generation in these short periods of time.

Why not let the photovoltaic system operate in parallel with the diesel generator? The answer is that the customer does not want to add this complexity to their installation and can do without solar generation in the rare moments when the diesel generator is activated.

This operating strategy can be implemented, taking as an example an inverter from the manufacturer SolarEdge, by connecting a normally closed (NC) switch to the inverter's communication board. The inverter must be equipped with a communication module and must have a communication input called a power reduction interface (PRI). This is illustrated in Figure 9.

The photovoltaic system disconnection mode is a simple control method that allows the inverter to be signaled the presence or absence of the diesel generator, performing an interlock between these two sources.

This avoids the need to install the PV system before the ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch), making it possible to place it close to the loads or even close to the diesel generator. It's a detail that seems simple, but it can impact the cost of the electrical installation required for connecting the photovoltaic system.

The function of this operating mode is simply to shut down the photovoltaic system when the diesel generator starts operating, without any more sophisticated control. Naturally, in this case, PV generation and diesel generation will never occur simultaneously. This operating mode is recommended in applications where the diesel generator is used only for backup and is not activated very frequently.

In this situation, adding a more complex system to control the photovoltaic system would not be justified, considering that the diesel generator is capable of supplying the entire load during a power outage – and this occurs for a relatively short period of time.

When the power outage ceases, with the reestablishment of the public power grid supply, the diesel generator switches off and the signaling contact is closed, allowing the reconnection of the photovoltaic system. Figure 12 illustrates how the inverter should be parameterized to work in this mode.

A general-purpose I/O port (GPIO) must be configured to receive the contacts of a normally closed (NC) relay. The system understands that the inverter can operate when the GPIO port is low (relay contact closed) and understands that the inverter should shut down when the GPIO is high (relay switch open) – as illustrated in Figures 10 and 11.

Operation mode in parallel with the diesel generator

In this operating mode, it is possible to simultaneously power the loads using both the diesel generator and the solar source. Again, as in the previous case, a signaling relay is connected to the GPIO port.

In this case, however, a normal open (NO) contact is used, as illustrated in Figure 13. The main difference between this mode of operation and the previous one is that the photovoltaic system will always be in operation, whether in parallel with the electrical grid or in parallel with the diesel generator.

As shown in Figure 13, the connection diagram for generator parallelism mode employs a normal open contact (NO) on the diesel generator panel. The contact is open when AC grid is present and the generator is off, signaling to the inverter that it should operate normally in grid connection mode, like any other grid-tie inverter.

When the public grid is disconnected, the contact is closed, signaling to the inverter that it will now operate in parallel with the diesel generator. In this case, the diesel generator will be the main power source, replacing the electrical grid. The photovoltaic inverter must follow the generator's voltage reference and be prepared to operate in synchronization.

In short, with the key in the closed position, the inverter will understand that it is no longer operating with the utility's electrical network and needs to change its behavior to operate in parallel with the diesel generator.

In this case, the diesel-solar system constitutes what we call a microgrid, which is an autonomous network that operates in an islanded manner, disconnected from the public electricity grid, with its own energy sources.

For the inverter to be able to operate in this mode with two options (connected to the grid or connected to the diesel generator) it is necessary to parameterize it so that it understands the signals received at the GPIO port and mainly so that the inverter changes its behavior accordingly. with the main source present (mains or generator).

Figure 15 shows how the SolarEdge inverter GPIO port is configured to understand the relay signals with an NO switch in this operating mode. Next, we configure the power control modes, as illustrated in Figures 16 and 17. There are two modes that can be used: power x frequency or power x voltage. These operating modes are already pre-configured in the inverter, but can be parameterized according to each application.

Figure 16 – Inverter configuration for parallel operation with generator.

The power x frequency control mode is most recommended when operating the inverter in parallel with a rotating machine. Rotating machines have their rotation frequency changed depending on the load. The increase in the power consumed by the generator causes its output frequency to decrease. Conversely, reducing power causes an increase in frequency.

This natural behavior of the generator can be used as a control signal for the inverter. The decrease in frequency signals that the generator is heavily loaded, therefore it is desirable to have solar generation to reduce the load on the generator.

On the other hand, the increase in frequency signals that there is excess power in the system and the generator works with little load, indicating that the power of the photovoltaic system must be reduced in order to avoid excess energy in the system, which cannot be absorbed by the generator.

The power x frequency control strategy can be understood through the P x ​​F curve. This generation curve is followed by the inverter when this operating mode is selected. As seen in Figure 18, for frequencies up to 60,2 Hz the photovoltaic system can generate 100% of its power.

When the frequency increases above 60,2 Hz, signaling that there is excess energy in the system, the power of the photovoltaic inverter will be gradually reduced until the system frequency reaches 61,2 Hz, when the inverter power will be zero.

Larger solar-diesel systems

The P x ​​F control system shown above works well in small microgrids, typically with a few inverters operating in parallel with a single diesel generator. In larger, higher-power systems, where there are multiple diesel generators or multiple inverters, the frequency-based power control solution may not be robust enough to provide maximum reliability for system operation.

In such cases, it is recommended to have a system called a power plant controller (PPC). This controller can have many functions, but in this specific case of solar-diesel integration, it basically reads the power consumed by the load and regulates the generation of the PV system through communication lines. The big difference in relation to power x frequency control is that there is direct communication to send command signals from the PCC to the inverters.

The way the PPC communicates with the inverters can vary from one manufacturer to another. Taking SolarEdge's solution as an example, a "leader" inverter communicates directly with the PPC, while the other "follower" inverters communicate with the "leader" to receive instructions.

The PPC is the brain of the system. It ensures that diesel generation never falls below the generator's lower power threshold (typically around 30% of nominal power, as we mentioned earlier).

The inverters will receive command signals to reduce their output power whenever there is a reduction in the power consumed by the load and the minimum power of the diesel generator has been reached.

With the use of plant power control (PPC) systems, it is possible to create high-capacity hybrid solar-diesel systems capable of supplying electricity in an isolated manner – disconnected from any public power grid – to consumers of any size: industrial plants, mining plants, rural properties, or even a small town.